Mohenjo-daro
Mohenjo-daro is a major archaeological site of the Indus Valley Civilization in Sindh, Pakistan.
Overview
Mohenjo-daro (“Mound of the Dead”) is the largest and best-preserved Indus Valley city, located in Sindh province, Pakistan. Dating to c. 2500–1700 BCE, it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the earliest examples of planned urban settlement.
Historical Context
The site was excavated by R.D. Banerji (1922–27) and later by John Marshall and Ernest Mackay. At its peak during the Mature Harappan period, Mohenjo-daro may have housed 30,000–40,000 inhabitants. Its sudden abandonment around 1700 BCE remains debated — theories include flooding, climate change, or invasion.
Features/Significance
The city is famed for its sophisticated urban planning: grid streets, covered drainage, a Great Bath (possibly for ritual purification), a granary, assembly hall, and hundreds of well-built brick houses. The famous “Priest-King” bust, Dancing Girl bronze, and numerous steatite seals are among its most iconic finds. The Indus script found on seals remains undeciphered.
Modern Status
A UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1980. The site suffers from salt erosion and weathering. A site museum houses major artifacts, though many original finds are in the National Museum of Pakistan (Karachi) and the British Museum.
Verification Notes
- Excavated 1922–1927 by R.D. Banerji and John Marshall.
- UNESCO listing: whc.unesco.org/en/list/139.
- Audited against Wikipedia (September 2026).