Metta (Loving-kindness)

Metta (Loving-kindness) is a mental state of unconditional friendliness and benevolence toward all beings without exception.

Overview

Metta is the first of the four brahmaviharas (immeasurable states) in Buddhism. It is the wish for all beings to be happy, radiating outward from oneself to loved ones, neutral persons, difficult persons, and ultimately all sentient beings in all directions.

Philosophical Context

Metta is considered the antidote to ill-will (vyapada) and hatred. Philosophically, it rests on the recognition of the shared desire for happiness inherent in all sentient beings. The practice of metta dissolves the barriers between self and other, preparing the mind for deeper insights into non-self and interdependence. It is not merely an emotion but a cultivated mental factor (cetana) that can be developed through systematic practice.

Interpretations

The Karaniya Metta Sutta provides the classical instruction for metta meditation, recommending that one radiate loving-kindness in all directions like a mother protecting her only child. Tibetan traditions often combine metta with tonglen practice. Some Western teachers have adapted metta meditation for therapeutic applications.

Verification Notes

• First of the four brahmaviharas
• The Karaniya Metta Sutta is a foundational text for the practice
• Associated with the attainment of the first jhana in some traditions