Aṣṭāṅga Yoga

Aṣṭāṅga Yoga (Sanskrit: “eight-limbed yoga”) is the systematic path of yoga outlined by Patañjali in the Yoga Sūtras.

Overview

Aṣṭāṅga Yoga comprises eight progressive limbs: yama (restraints), niyama (observances), āsana (posture), prāṇāyāma (breath control), pratyāhāra (sense withdrawal), dhāraṇā (concentration), dhyāna (meditation), and samādhi (absorption).

Philosophical Context

The eightfold path is described in the Yoga Sūtras (2.28-2.55 for the first five limbs, and 3.1-8 for the last three). It represents a systematic method for training the body, breath, senses, and mind toward the ultimate goal of kaivalya (liberation). The first five limbs (bahir aṅga, external limbs) prepare the practitioner for the last three (antar aṅga, internal limbs), which together form sāṃyama. The path is cumulative: each limb presupposes and builds upon the preceding ones. The system is notable for its psychological sophistication and its integration of ethical, physical, and contemplative dimensions.

Interpretations

In modern yoga, “Aṣṭāṅga” is often associated with K. Pattabhi Jois’s dynamic vinyāsa system, which is a modern adaptation focusing primarily on āsana practice. Classical Aṣṭāṅga Yoga, as described by Patañjali, is a comprehensive philosophical and meditative system. Some scholars argue that Patañjali intended the eight limbs as simultaneous practices rather than strictly sequential stages.

Verification Notes

• Described across the Yoga Sūtras, particularly chapters 2-3
• This entry addresses the Yogic (not Buddhist) eightfold path