Adharma (Jain)

Adharma (unrighteousness, non-virtue) is one of the six fundamental substances in Jain metaphysics.

Overview

Adharma (Sanskrit adharma, “unrighteousness” or “non-virtue”) is one of the six dravya (substances) in Jain philosophy. Unlike the Hindu concept of adharma (which refers to unrighteous conduct), Jain adharma is a cosmic principle — an indestructible substance that serves as the medium of rest (nivrtti). It is the counterpart of dharma (medium of motion) and together they regulate all movement and rest in the universe.

Philosophical Context

The Tattvarthasutra defines adharma as “that which causes the cessation of movement” (2.16). In Jain physics, dharma and adharma are the two cosmic media that enable motion and rest respectively — without them, bodies could not move or remain stationary. Adharma is not a moral judgment but a functional principle. The Pancastikayasara explains that adharma is one of the five astikaya (extended substances) along with jiva, pudgala, dharma, and akasha.

Interpretations

In Jain ethics, adharma also refers to unrighteous conduct — actions that violate the five vows (mahavratas). However, the metaphysical concept is distinct from the ethical one. The Jain philosopher Kundakunda (c. 2nd century CE) distinguishes between dravyadharma (substantial dharma/adharma) and bhavadharma (modal dharma/adharma) — the former is the cosmic principle, the latter is the ethical quality of actions. In meditation, contemplation on adharma as a cosmic principle helps the practitioner understand the impersonal nature of the forces that govern existence.

Verification Notes

• Tattvarthasutra 2.16 on adharma as the medium of rest.
• Pancastikayasara on the five extended substances.
• Kundakunda, Samayasara on the distinction between substantial and modal dharma.
• Audited against Wikipedia and Jain philosophy references (September 2026).